Several commands in Linux that you don't use often, but are very useful

Here are the last ten Linux commands you probably haven't used. quite useful.

1) pgrep

There is a p before the name of pgrep. We can guess that this is related to the process, and it is grep. Of course, this is the grep command related to the process. However, this command is mainly used to enumerate process IDs. like:

$ pgrep -u hchen
22441
22444

This command is equivalent to:

ps -ef | egrep '^hchen' | awk '{print $2}'

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2) pstree

This command lists processes in a tree-like manner. As follows:

[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]$ pstree
init-+-acpid
     |-auditd-+-python
     |        `-{auditd}
     |-automount---4*[{automount}]
     |-backup.sh---sleep
     |-dbus-daemon
     |-events/0
     |-events/1
     |-hald---hald-runner---hald-addon-acpi
     |-httpd---10*[httpd]
     |-irqbalance
     |-khelper
     |-klogd
     |-ksoftirqd/0
     |-ksoftirqd/1
     |-kthread-+-aio/0
     |         |-aio/1
     |         |-ata/0
     |         |-ata/1
     |         |-ata_aux
     |         |-cqueue/0
     |         |-cqueue/1
     |         |-kacpid
     |         |-kauditd
     |         |-kblockd/0
     |         |-kblockd/1
     |         |-kedac
     |         |-khubd
     |         |-6*[kjournald]
     |         |-kmirrord
     |         |-kpsmoused
     |         |-kseriod
     |         |-kswapd0
     |         |-2*[pdflush]
     |         |-scsi_eh_0
     |         |-scsi_eh_1
     |         |-xenbus
     |         `-xenwatch
     |-migration/0
     |-migration/1
     |-6*[mingetty]
     |-3*[multilog]
     |-mysqld_safe---mysqld---9*[{mysqld}]
     |-smartd
     |-sshd---sshd---sshd---bash---pstree
     |-svscanboot---svscan-+-3*[supervise---run]
     |                     |-supervise---qmail-send-+-qmail-clean
     |                     |                        |-qmail-lspawn
     |                     |                        `-qmail-rspawn
     |                     `-2*[supervise---tcpserver]
     |-syslogd
     |-udevd
     |-watchdog/0
     |-watchdog/1
     `-xinetd

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3) bc

This command is mainly to do a relatively high-precision mathematical operation. Such as square root, etc. The following is a script we wrote using the bc command (file name: sqrt)

#!/bin/bash
if [ $# -ne 1 ]
then
    echo 'Usage: sqrt number'
    exit 1
else
    echo -e "sqrt($1)\nquit\n" | bc -q -i
fi

So, we can use this script for square root operations like this:

[hchen@RHELSVR5]$ ./sqrt 36
6
[hchen@RHELSVR5]$ ./sqrt 2.0000
1.4142
[hchen@RHELSVR5]$ ./sqrt 10.0000
3.1622

4) split

If you have a large file and you want to split it into smaller files, then this command does just that.

[hchen@RHELSVR5 applebak]# ls -l largefile.tar.gz
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 436774774 04-17 02:00 largefile.tar.gz

[hchen@RHELSVR5 applebak]# split -b 50m largefile.tar.gz LF_

[hchen@RHELSVR5]# ls -l LF_*
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_aa
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_ab
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_ac
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_ad
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:34 LF_ae
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:35 LF_af
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:35 LF_ag
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 52428800 05-10 18:35 LF_ah
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen 17344374 05-10 18:35 LF_ai

File merging just uses a simple merge, such as:

[hchen@RHELSVR5]#  cat LF_* >largefile.tar.gz

5) nl

The nl command is similar to the cat command, except that it will print the line number. As follows:

[hchen@RHELSVR5 include]# nl stdio.h | head -n 10
     1  /* Define ISO C stdio on top of C++ iostreams.
     2     Copyright (C) 1991,1994-2004,2005,2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     3     This file is part of the GNU C Library.

     4     The GNU C Library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
     5     modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
     6     License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
     7     version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

     8     The GNU C Library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,

6) mkfifo

Anyone familiar with Unix should know that this is a system call or command that creates a named pipe. Usually, we use the vertical bar "|" on the command line to string commands together to use a dead pipe. And we use mkfifo to use a well-known pipe. Here is an example:

Here's how to create a named pipe:

[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# mkfifo /tmp/hchenpipe

[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# ls -l /tmp
prw-rw-r-- 1 hchen  hchen  0 05-10 18:58 hchenpipe

Then, we run the following command in a shell, which will not return unless someone reads the information from the named pipe.

[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# ls -al > /tmp/hchenpipe

We read the information in this pipe in another command window: (which causes the previous command to return)

[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# head /tmp/hchenpipe
drwx------ 8 hchen hchen    4096 05-10 18:27 .
drwxr-xr-x 7 root  root     4096 03-05 00:06 ..
drwxr-xr-x 3 hchen hchen    4096 03-01 18:13 backup
-rw------- 1 hchen hchen     721 05-05 22:12 .bash_history
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen      24 02-28 22:20 .bash_logout
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen     176 02-28 22:20 .bash_profile
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen     124 02-28 22:20 .bashrc
-rw-r--r-- 1 root  root    14002 03-07 00:29 index.htm
-rw-r--r-- 1 hchen hchen   31465 03-01 23:48 index.php

7) ldd

This command can know the dynamic link library used by one of your executable files. like:

[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/java
        linux-gate.so.1 =>  (0x00cd9000)
        libgij.so.7rh => /usr/lib/libgij.so.7rh (0x00ed3000)
        libgcj.so.7rh => /usr/lib/libgcj.so.7rh (0x00ed6000)
        libpthread.so.0 => /lib/i686/nosegneg/libpthread.so.0 (0x00110000)
        librt.so.1 => /lib/i686/nosegneg/librt.so.1 (0x009c8000)
        libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x008b5000)
        libz.so.1 => /usr/lib/libz.so.1 (0x00bee000)
        libgcc_s.so.1 => /lib/libgcc_s.so.1 (0x00aa7000)
        libc.so.6 => /lib/i686/nosegneg/libc.so.6 (0x0022f000)
        libm.so.6 => /lib/i686/nosegneg/libm.so.6 (0x00127000)
        /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00214000)

8) col

This command allows you to convert the man file to a plain text file. The following example:

# PAGER=cat
# man less | col -b > less.txt

9) xmlwf

This command allows you to check whether all tags in an XML document are normal. like:

[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# curl 'https://coolshell.cn/?feed=rss2' > cocre.xml
  % Total    % Received % Xferd  Average Speed   Time    Time     Time  Current
                                 Dload  Upload   Total   Spent    Left  Speed
100 64882    0 64882    0     0  86455      0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 2073k
[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# xmlwf cocre.xml
[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# perl -i -pe 's@<link>@<br>@g' cocre.xml
[hchen@RHELSVR5 ~]# xmlwf cocre.xml
cocre.xml:13:23: mismatched tag

10) lsof

Open files can be listed.

[root@RHELSVR5 ~]# lsof | grep TCP
httpd       548    apache    4u     IPv6   14300967    TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd       548    apache    6u     IPv6   14300972    TCP *:https (LISTEN)
httpd       561    apache    4u     IPv6   14300967    TCP *:http (LISTEN)
httpd       561    apache    6u     IPv6   14300972    TCP *:https (LISTEN)
sshd       1764      root    3u     IPv6       4993    TCP *:ssh (LISTEN)
tcpserver  8965      root    3u     IPv4  153795500    TCP *:pop3 (LISTEN)
mysqld    10202     mysql   10u     IPv4   73819697    TCP *:mysql (LISTEN)
sshd      10735      root    3u     IPv6  160731956    TCP 210.51.0.232:ssh->123.117.239.68:31810 (ESTABLISHED)
sshd      10767     hchen    3u     IPv6  160731956    TCP 210.51.0.232:ssh->123.117.239.68:31810 (ESTABLISHED)
vsftpd    11095      root    3u     IPv4  152157957    TCP *:ftp (LISTEN)